Monday, September 30, 2019

Business Decision Making Project Essay

Based on the discussion with my learning team of the milk plant business problem, there is a variety of different products that are output from the plant. The amount of product that is produced everyday varies on what they are processing on that given day. The products that are produced are varieties of different milk, half and half, and manufacturing cream. In order to determine how to solve this business problem, I will need to create some random numbers with how many gallons of milk the silos hold on site, how many gallons of the varieties of milk that are processed and produced, how many pints of half and half, and also how many containers of manufacturing cream and how much the containers hold. There are some probability factors to determine as well, such as, how many employees there are and what if some don’t show up for work that day. There is also to consider that the silos are cleaned every 48 hours and what would need to happen to get the silos empty in that 48 hour period so that no milk is wasted, which is costing the company money. Milk Production Plant Data The random numbers I am going to choose is as follows: The silos hold 1,000 gallons of milk each and there are two silos on site There are 5 different types of milk produced and are processed in 1 gallon containers The half and half is produced in pint size containers The manufacturing cream is produced in 8 ounce containers There are 50 employees There are 10 different companies where the products are distributed all with different amounts purchased/products If nothing goes wrong, 1,500 gallons of milk are processed in a 48 hour period, 300 of each kind. 2,000 pints of  half and half are processed and 32,000 8 ounce containers of manufacturing cream are processed all equaling to the 2,000 gallons that need to be output Conclusion With this amount of information, I will be able to determine where the faults are in the business. The production plant may need to hire more employees, distribute the product to more companies, or even need to just have a better process with processing the product. From the discussion, it was determined that the amount of product that is output from the plant differs everyday depending on what product is being produced that day. This may be the only fault the company has, but in order to get a clearer picture of where the problem lies, I will need to run the numbers and figure out what the next steps for the company will be. Factoring in the probabilities is going to change the data, so I will need to make sure that the company has a solution for if certain things happen that will affect the processes in place.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

What Are the Benefits Outsourcing Web Development Services

Today market being fully dependent of E-commerce technologies, every organization needs to be regularly updated with latest technologies & factors that emphasis on quality picture of their organization. Today E-commerce has become a basic medium to expand your business globally. But to ensure quality of your Web application you need to Outsource Web development service. There is no doubt that anyone can carry out the development on their own. But, if some factors like cost, time, R&D, quality, experience, search engine friendly code, etc are considered, Outsourcing is the highly recommended. Outsourcing companies ensures business quality service by using latest technology available and also you will get your Web application developed on time with no or less bugs left, at reasonable cost. Following points will give you detailed understanding of â€Å"How Outsourcing of Web Development service will be beneficial considering all of this factors?† * Standard development Process: Many Companies follows strict process model. Clients are assured of the standard processing and get their development work completed on-time and delivery without any complication. * Lessen your Development Cost: To develop any quality product, we need skilled & experienced staff, also lots of cost need to be spent on R&D and setup of space for development. While if you outsource development service you need to pay very reasonable amount which in turn guarantees you best service with search engine friendly & light weight web application developed using latest technologies & tested in all terms. * Reliable and Accurate: All these companies have experience & knowledge of development, so the delivered product will be reliable & accurate in terms of outputs which the client demanded. * Future enhancement: As every company wants to maximize their business, these companies provide regular maintenance and notifications to update your product if required. There are many invisible benefits of Outsourcing on client side also. Clients can: * Further concentrate on their routine without bothering about their Web development process. So time is saved. * Save money by choosing Outsourcing which is nearly equal to half the cost required in own development process. so you can use them for future enhancement & maintenance. * Get chance to know new process models & their skilled knowledge. * Expect best recommendations & latest technologies that best suits your business requirements & success on the basis of their experienced skills and requirement analysis.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Impact of the French and Indian War Essay

The Native tribes are one of those directly affected by the French and Indian War. Many native populations suffered a great loss when the French power in North America was eliminated. The French proved to be a strong ally of these native tribes and were essential in countering the continued British expansion. The elimination of the French power resulted to the dispossession of many native tribes, forcing them to move out of their lands. When the Spanish-controlled Florida was taken-over by the British, native tribes who did not want to involve themselves with the British, migrated westward. This has resulted to heated confrontations between several tribes who were already established in the area (Ohio History Central, 2005). The British exploited the boundaries between opposing tribes, making the natives fight among themselves. The French and Indian war also affected the American colonists. As Britain continued to expand their control over the colonies of other European powers, they continued to resettle many of its people throughout their North American provinces. As Britain continued to focus on its war for territory, it began neglecting its duties for its people and its colonies. The French and Indian war resulted to the doubling of Britain’s national debt, and with the shortage of funding; the government imposed new taxes on their colonies. This resulted to stiff resistance, and strained relationship between Britain and its colonies. Troops were called in to the colonies in order to make sure the taxes are paid accordingly (Ohio History Central, 2005). This greatly inconvenienced the colonies, until it finally came down to the American Revolutionary War. Reference: Ohio History Central. (2005). French and Indian War. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from http://www. ohiohistorycentral. org/entry. php? rec=498

Friday, September 27, 2019

Alcohol in India Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alcohol in India - Research Paper Example Men are ten times more likely to use alcohol regularly as compared to women. Raffensperger further states, â€Å"While alcohol consumption is low overall, it's even lower in women than in men in India†. Social Organizations and Use of Alcohol In India, people are divided into various categories according to their castes. There also exist many subcultures in India. Three most common subcultures in India are Punjabi culture, Bengali culture, and Marwari culture. Alcohol consumption is relatively low in Punjabi culture as compared to other two subcultures. The social class structure, family system, and different subcultures put a significant impact on overall alcohol consumption in India. The social structure of India is a mixture of diverse cultures, religions, and racial groups. Hindu religion, Muslim religion, and Sikhism are the most prominent religions of India. Social structure of India influences the institutions of family, marriage, and caste (Gihar 58). If we talk about social organizations in India, the most common social organizations include Forward class, Backward class, and Harijans. The social class structure of India includes different classes to which people of India belong. Forward class consists of rich people or those belonging to higher castes. People belonging to this class consume the highest percentage of total alcohol consumed by Indian people. Such people generally have fewer tensions in their lives as compared to lower classes. The main reasons for Forward class to consume a high percentage of alcohol include sociability and taste. Consumption of alcohol is not considered bad among higher classes of India. The most common brands used by the Forward class people include Blossom Hill, Smirnoff Red Vodka, and Carling. People belonging to Backward or middle class also use alcoholic drinks but the percentage is considerably low as compared to Forward class or Harijans. In the societies of Backward class people, use of alcohol is not co nsidered a good deed. The family structure of India plays an important role in controlling the percentage of alcohol consumption in this class. â€Å"Most of the families in India are extended families, wherein every member has his/her own role, often influenced by age and gender† (Rampur). Every member of a family resects the norms and values of the family structure. The reason behind low percentage of alcohol consumption in this class is the joint family structure of India. It is very difficult for the adults to use alcoholic drinks in front of their parents or relatives. Children respect their parents and do not do any such thing, which their parents do not want them to do. Harijans or lowest class people are the most alcohol addicted people in India. These people are not financially stable and have many tensions in their lives. They take alcohol in order to forget their problems for a while and to feel relaxed. However, they take low quality alcohol because they are not a ble to buy expensive or high quality alcoholic beverages. Living Conditions, Leisure, and Recreation Living conditions of Indian people and leisure also put a significant impact on overall alcohol consumption in India. Some people belonging to elite class use alcohol as a recreational activity. The people belonging

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Literature Review on Web3D Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Literature Review on Web3D Technology - Essay Example This particular technology is beginning to transform the way that the Internet and various platforms are used and are looking at and are creating a different approach to programming and specific applications (Basanow et al, 65). While Web 3D is providing a specific alternative to technology, there are also questions on how this application will be used with the Internet as well as what the potential will be with the concepts that are being applied. The Web 3D application is not only important to consider in terms of technological components for the Internet, but also becomes essential to understand with responses and the environment that is being created for end – users that are introduced to Web 3D. One of the main Web 3D uses is with Adobe Flash Based programming. Understanding how Web 3D relates to this specific module as well as how it can be improved then provides a stronger understanding of the evolution of the designs used for Web 3D. The scope of this project is to define what Web 3D is and how it is currently being integrated into the Internet. There will also be specific information based on Adobe and how this is creating a specific set of results for those using the Internet. The literature review described will be based on the current trends and specifications of the concept of 3D as well as how this is changing specific concepts in terms of technology. The question that is being raised is one that is based on how this will transfer into the future of the Internet and Web 3D. The different perspectives that have evolved from Web 3D technology have provided insight into the evolution of the technology as well as how it is affecting the Internet. The different concepts that are available are able to show how the specific technology has evolved as well as what the potential options are for the technology to grow and evolve in the future. The importance that is noted in the literature shows that there is the ability for

Trends in collective bargaining in the ukadvantages and disadvantages Essay

Trends in collective bargaining in the ukadvantages and disadvantages of employees in collective bargaining and an assessment of it - Essay Example Nowadays it is being chiefly used for financial purposes and social issues. Recently there has been less centralized collective bargaining in the UK. In regard to this Fox states "[Collective bargaining] has often been seen as, though not by all pluralists, not only as leveling up employee power to an acceptable approximation of that of management, but also as reinforcing government social welfare and redistribute policies in gradually reducing class difference." (Fox, 1985:22) In the UK collective bargaining is treated as the most useful and efficient form of bargaining which can help the workers to regulate their terms and conditions of service in consideration with ILO Convention 84. Nevertheless, the significance of collective bargaining in the United Kingdom and in the other parts of the industrialised world has minimized after the 1980s.Its turn down in the government sector comes from the growth of Review Body arrangements (Jackson, Leopold, Tuck, Katz 1995). A collective bargaining agreement helps the employees to look for progress in wages, hours of working and work environment. In other words it is a base through which the employees can voice their demands but these agreements sometimes can lead to difficult consequences such as strikes. However after the mid 1990s a considerable increase is seen in the partnership deals between the unions and the employers. These agreements allow the employees to have a greater sense of job security and strong p osition in the company. In UK agreements have been made so that the performance is improved by making a chance in organization or improving the relationships with other industries (e.g. Tesco etc). Collective bargaining has made a way for the trade unions to rise and the trade unions in the recent years are stressing on their functions in improving the business performance. Workers are joining the trade unions because of the lack of job security in the firms. Trade Unions have accepted the management offers to negotiate partnership agreements. This new way adopted by them is causing more members to join them and is helping the trade unions to get identification in the non union companies. The Trade Union Congress has formed a Partnership Institute which offers guidance and help to organization who want to build up good relations between unions, employers and employees. One such example which involves collective agreements is Barclays Bank and UNIFI. Strikes were caused in the firm d ue to the belief of upcoming job losses and salary disputes. An agreement was reached between the management and the employees in April 1999. The agreement reached helped the employees to get job security and hence helped them to improve the quality of life. (Industrial Relations Services Employment Trends 715, November 2000).Collective bargaining is a process which provides the employers or the management to deal with the problems of the employees equally. If the general areas of interests are emphasized in collective bargaining it can help to develop an approval of common interests by the employees (Purcell, 1979). The feeling of equality and general interests being fulfilled will help the workers to be satisfied, would lessen disagreements and create an environment of stability within the company for the employees. It can lead to equal pay for all the workers ding the same work and this would provide a social benefit. Equality is

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Identify the components and interfaces commonly present in J2EE Essay

Identify the components and interfaces commonly present in J2EE projects as they progress through the development and design of the distributed architecture - Essay Example In a distributed computing environment, J2EE uses a multi-tiered application model. There are the (1) the web-tier components that run on the J2EE server; (2) the business-tier components run on the J2EE server; the (3) client-tier components that run on the client machine and (4) the Enterprise information system or EIS-tier software which runs on the EIS server. A J2EE component may be defined as a self-contained functional software unit that is assembled into a J2EE application along with its related classes and files and which is able to communicate with other components using programming logic (java.sun.com). In a J2EE distributed enterprise application model therefore, the application logic is usually divided into components according to their function, and the various application components that make up a J2EE application are installed on different machines depending on the tier in the multi-tiered J2EE environment to which the application component belongs. I believe that the RUP or Rational Unified Process is the best approach for J2EE applications. This consists of the following phases: Requirements Analysis, Object Oriented Analysis, Architecture Specification, Object Design, Implementation, Validation, Assembly and Deployment, and Operation and Maintenance (Kurniawan, 2002). All in all, we see can that the main usage of the J2EE environment is to develop and deploy enterprise applications. The modern J2EE platform consists of a set of services, application programming interfaces and protocols that provide the functionality for developing multi-tiered, web-based applications in a distributed computing

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Environment and Health Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environment and Health - Speech or Presentation Example The most advisable way to produce quality food is to grow our crops and animals in an organic manner in our farms. Meaning, we will grow our crops and animals without using GMOs, chemicals and antibiotics in this country (www.gov.uk nd). It may be more expensive to do this but the government can help by providing financial assistance to our farmers. The public can help by willing to buy these quality organic food at a slightly higher price so that it would be economically viable for farmers to grow quality organic crops and animals. The second option is to import quality foods in countries from our neighbouring countries. We have to set our expectation that we cannot import from far flung countries because quality foods that are organic have shorter shelf life. Fruits can be imported as they have longer shelf life compared to vegetables. Making the food and farming industry more competitive while protecting the environment. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2015, from

Monday, September 23, 2019

Art project 11 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art project 11 - Term Paper Example Dreams consisted of a large segment of his life, because he would take siestas, or midday rests, in which he encounters more and more dreams. He considered the siesta as a state that is achieved at the moment that one forgets about one’s body or in psychoanalysis the state of the unconscious. Yet, his dreamlike style, combined with a variety of works with different themes dramatically changed the way the world viewed art. Salvador Dali, is one of the unconventional world renowned painters I truly admire. Dali’s artistic genius always has a shock factor when looking at his paintings. His paintings would easily capture not only your attention but also of your cognitive and aesthetic senses stimulating them to explore, rationalize and associate meanings to their symbolic details. Dali easily catches his viewers’ attention with the combination of light colors and the odd images in his paintings appearing seemingly to have no correlation at all. Dali’s The Persistence of Memory, a painting that earned him the hallmark of fame, is just an

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Three Main Problems in the Middle East Essay Example for Free

Three Main Problems in the Middle East Essay The Middle East, as the West calls the Islamic region in Southwestern Asian continent, had been the focus of many recent studies. The region’s key role in shaping global economy and politics could be the main reasons why the Middle East became so intriguing within the circles of academic debates, political policies and other similar venues. News from this region usually carries banner stories of suicide bombings, wars, terrorism and similarly outrageous reportage.   Thus, Middle East was portrayed to the public as land or chaos, tyranny and intricate conspiracies and violence. Although the Middle East has a rich history of its people, culture and political sovereignty, it had long been disregarded especially that the focus of most historiography and social sciences are on the Western civilizations. . Throughout the course of societal evolutions, the Middle East had always been portrayed as the villain and the West so often portrayed as the arbiter and the good guys in wars and other social turmoil that happened in the region for the past centuries. Despite numerous attempts to deeply probe into the secrets of the region, the Islamic world had always been subjected to the probing eyes of the global community. It had long been misunderstood, maybe because of ignorance to the real situation in the Middle East that, that this part of the world is ‘no man’s land’ because of terrorism and tyrants which the Western powers so despise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hence, the dilemma that world faces regarding the situation in the Middle East is a problem caused by ignorance of the historical background which had molded the region’s economic, political and cultural dynamism. On the outside it could be viewed as a static block of nation-states, firmly anchored on Islamist fanaticism but much like any other country, the people are waging a struggle in various ways possible to change the existing order. This paper aims to break the notion that the Islamic Middle East is a rigid desert of ideological uniformity (Beinin Stork 7). Often that terrorism was linked to Islamic doctrines since the United States waged its global war on terror. Arbitrarily, the policies that sought to counter terrorism were not really directed to the ultimate cessation     of terrorism as a tool for anarchic ends but were effectively used to control the economic and political life of the countries in this region. It was effectively manipulated that from the true circumspection of terrorist movements the attention was diverted to superficial issues that were less likely to resolve the conflict, both external and internal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The lack of unity of the Middle Eastern nations can be viewed as one of the reasons why this region is continually deprived of West-defined peace and stability. One possible answer is that Western powers have greatly profited from the absence of a uniting factor among Muslim neighbors. Though almost all of these Muslim nations had laws and forms of government highly adhesive to religious thought, there were still varied interpretations in the context of ‘religious’ approaches to state affairs, not to   mention the sectarian divisions within Islam. Take Iran and Iraq for example. Although there were reasons for the war between these two nations in 1980’s, the sectarian differences of the two nations have greatly affected the course of the war for domination of the Persian Gulf (Moghadam 136-138). The Islamic nations were divided by certain issues that had created a vast misunderstanding among themselves. The dilemma brought by secularist ideas caused the rifts between and among governments to worsen. Islam was at the very first of this dilemma. Its nature had long been argued, whether it is a religion or a civilization. The answer to this question however is not on the religious aspect itself but on the political side of the. Islam’s definition is a matter of political refinement that was effectively sown to disarray the focus of scholars in finding the answer to the question of why Islamic militancy, radicalism and fundamentalism (Filali-Ansary 196-197).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the centuries that have passed, nationalism was developed in the Middle East due to external threats, especially those that was posed by Western colonial powers. Nationalism in other nations such as Turkey and Iran went far beyond the limits of nationhood. At some point during Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Shah Pahlavi’s reign, touched even the religious aspect of the nation such that they even used military force to impose a â€Å"Western† concept of nationhood, one which is secular (Hashemi 168). However, through the decades, Islamic modernism had been witnessed which broadened the spectrum for political commonality. These types of deviation from the Islamic codification and norms among Islamic societies were the start of a somewhat â€Å"betrayal† of the Islamic chord.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those countries that have embraced westernization were isolated from the Islamic fundamentalist section of the Muslim nations. Such embrace of the infidel’s culture was to them a desecration of the Islamic customs. If history will be reviewed this divisions were more of cultural in essence. For hundreds of years, the Islamic states turn against each other for subjugation. The Ottomans annexed Egypt and many other nations in the Mediterranean belt. This display of hostility towards each other became vital in the ferment of suspicion between each nation (Moaddel 128-129). The dilemma of the forming a single political force cannot be only be blamed on the religious aspects of the society but also of foreign control and domination. The vast oilfields of the region had been enticing for Western powers so that they supported some regimes and made use of tactical alliances during the Soviet annexation of Afghanistan in the 80’s. The House of Saud of Saudi Arabia for example had strong ties to European regimes since many of these regimes have economic interests in the region (Beinin Stork 4).   This had been aggravated by the current developments in world politics directly concerning the region. The terror hysteria and the subsequent wars thereafter grappled Afghanistan and Iraq further divided the Islamic world. Regimes friendly to the United States were caught in the middle of the squabble. George W. Bush’s pronouncements in the onset of the war on terror forced these regimes to support the anti-terror war lest they would be ‘with the terrorists.’ Such actions were explicitly influential in the polarization of the Middle East. Samuel Huntington was quoted on the exact description of the implications of this event: â€Å"On the other hand, the â€Å"clash of civilizations† thesis resurfaces and reverberates. Even though many refused Samuel Huntington’s thesis for its simplistic and essentialist depiction of cultures and cultural interaction, his conceptual framework proved its resilience, particularly with the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Islam quickly became the inscrutable, violent, and intractable Other, a threat to liberal democratic values† (Arat 2). The rationale of the war on terror, as claimed by US propagandists, is aimed at the Islamic regimes was to promote democracy in the backward governments that are hospitable to or actually promotes terrorist organization. In countries wherein the regimes are somewhat committed to the liberal democratic ideology: â€Å"†¦some 250 million USD that USAID alone spent in the Arab world on projects and programs related to DP () certainly seems more than the negligible amount of money, this must be contrasted with the roughly one billion USD the United States appends each year in Egypt alone – on military aid for the Mubarak regime. Some observers have recently depicted the â€Å"forward strategy for freedom† in the Middle East announced by the Bush administration as a major shift from former US policies toward the region, emphasizing today the importance of democratic rule as opposed to†¦strategies based on the primacy of stability over democracy† (Schlumberger 37-38). The Middle East was an easy prey for US military campaigns primarily because of the forms of government that these nations have adopted. It was easy to claim in totalitarian regimes that these nations must be introduced to democracy and liberate the people from the clutches of Islamic dictatorships. Such was being used today in Iran in the face of nuclear weapons issue, Syria on its human rights records, and Libya on its anti-imperialist stance, while others have remained to be isolated from their people because of their failure to address the concerns of the citizens. A post- invasion Iraq have had experienced the resurgence of Islamic militancy and fundamentalism in the outset of a US-backed puppet regime. Such events even drove the conflict outside the borders of Iraq and spilled through Syria, Iran, and Egypt, only to name a few, in the name of aiding their Muslim brothers (Beinin Stork 7). It should be understood though that this politicization of Islam did not occur overnight. This could again be traced from the past centuries and decades of Western domination. The Crusades in the middle ages could even be the source of this politicization. But most notably, this politicization was most effectively utilized by the US against the Soviet Union in the 80’s during the Afghan war. After the Afghan war these radicalized freedom fighters were transformed into terrorist groups and from then on political Islam has been interchanged with fundamentalism, militant Islamic movements and the like to directly associate genuine liberation movements to terrorism and downplay the legitimate issues raised by these groups (Beinin Stork 5). Both served the US in ridding it of its enemies and protecting its allied regimes against internal liberation movements. The question now arises whether democracy would be possible in Islamic societies. Some do believe. It is said that these societies were torn into two governing laws. One of those is Islamic or the shari’a and the other, secular. There had been stressed points that states that these governments, though harboring the Islamic hierarchy of powers still consider a ‘consultative’ form of governing, thus a democratic interaction among the ruler and ruled (Filali-Ansary 200).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is unique in the Middle East is that in order to reinstate the Islamic laws as the supreme judicial system is through revolution which has happened in Iran. Such was the perceptions in the Middle East that women, as a part of the revolutionary process, were restricted. However: â€Å"In Iran as of 1994, 30 percent of government employees were women, and 40 percent of university students were women, up from 12 percent in 1978. In the past few decades, women have thus made significant, but uneven, strides in the labor force†¦Hassan al-Turabi claims that women in Sudan â€Å"have played a more important role in the National Islamic Front than men recently† in all aspects of party, in Parliament, and as ministers and judges. Segregation is definitely not a part of Islam.[though his claims in Sudan are disputed]†¦it is clear that women elsewhere in the Muslim World –Morocco, Jordan, Egypt†¦Turkey – do hold political office† (Eickelmann and Piscatori 95) Within this basis one could assert initially that women are not bound to the patriarchal society, but in order to truly say that women have had complete freedom, would rest on the cultural and religious aspects of the society. But along with these concerns the forces of democratization have failed to touch the issues on gender. This issue in the Middle Eastern nations had been raising a movement by women who had, despite the conflicts that the patriarchal regimes fight, lack in total consideration of the women (Moghadam 139). Regimes may be considered as progressives in terms of political and economic stance but there is a difficulty in assessing whether theses same governments would consider the question on gender. Proving this may be difficult because of the religious aspect of the concern which all regimes, pro or anti-US, share. These seemingly centuries old threats to the Islamic societies from the outside caused by rifts within the regimes themselves had also been supplemented by internal difficulties which these regimes face (Dris-Ait-Hamadouche 117). Even though the states were divided by the political tensions developed by the combination of historical and contemporary Western influences, women in the Middle East are somewhat united in their fight for women’s right in the predominantly patriarchal culture of the Islamic nation. The issue of gender is completely intertwined with the issue of secularization (Nanes 113-115). Different governments were torn between allowing certain liberal manifestations of secular authority in public places and religious considerations (Najmabadi 240-241).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Seemingly, the problems of the Middle East with regards to the political and cultural aspects are not to be considered as solitary and independent of the economy. The reason that Western powers are interested in the liberal democratic conception of regimes is because of the economic interests that US has with the resource rich desserts. The only conclusive message that these events relay to us is that these were all concocted in order to divide the Islamic world and extinguish its formidable force against foreign interests especially that of US. Islamic Middle East had long been captured in that policy cage and until the resources are there, the clutches of US hegemony in the Islamic world will never loosen. Works Cited Arat, Yesim. Rethinking Islam and Liberal Democracy: Islamist Women in Turkish Politics. New York: State University of New York Press, 2005. Beinin, Joel, and Joe Stork. On the Modernity, Historical Specificity, and International Context of Political Islam.   Political Islam: Essays from Middle East Report. Eds. Joel Beinin and Joe Stork. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997. Dris-Ait-Hamadouche, Louisa. Women in the Maghreb: Civil Societys Actors or Political Instruments? Middle East Policy 14.4 (2007). Eickelman, Dale F., and James Piscatori. The Firmest Ties and the Ties That Bind: The Politics of Family and Ethnicity.   Muslim Politics. New Jersey Filali-Ansary, Abdou. Muslims and Democracy.   Islam and Democracy in the Middle East. Eds. Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner and Daniel Brumberg. London: The John Hopkins University Press, 2003. Hashemi, Nader A. Islamic Fundamentalism and the Trauma of Modernization: Reflections on Religion and Radical Politics.   An Islamic Reformation? Eds. Michaelle Browers and Charles Kurzman. New York: Lexington Books. Moaddel, Mansoor. Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Moghadam, Valentine. A Tale of Two Countries: State, Society, and Gender Politics in Iran and Afghanistan. The Muslim World 94.October 2004 (2004). Moghadam, Valentine. Patriarchy in Transition: Women and the Changing Family in the Middle East. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 35.2 (2004): 137. Najmabadi, Afsaneh. Gender and Secularismhow Can a Muslim Woman Be French? Feminist Studies 32.2 (2006): 239. Nanes, Stefanie Eileen. Fighting Honor Crimes: Evidence of Civil Society in Jordan. The Middle East Journal 57.1 (2003). Schlumberger, Oliver. Dancing with Wolves: Dillemas of Democracy Promotion in Authoritarian Context.   Democratization and Development: New Political Strategies for the Middle East. Ed. Dietrich Jung. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Princeton University Press, 1996.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Prostitution A Psychological Perspective Sociology Essay

Prostitution A Psychological Perspective Sociology Essay As psychologists, we hope to see a change in the health professions relative silence regarding prostitutions harm to women, as well as a change in the perspective on prostitution held by the criminal justice system. -Melissa Farley Avnessa Kelly There is a lot of debate about whether prostitution should be legalized and regulated or whether the continuing laws(in India and elsewhere) which criminalize the act of brothel keeping, living off the earnings of a prostitute, soliciting or seducing for the purposes of prostitution should remain a punishable offence. The arguments for either side ultimately boil down to the question of why one stance over the other? The decision is largely influenced by a persons perception of what benefits society as well as the exploitative nature of this profession .If prostitution were to be legalized these individuals would become part of a system that sanctions their work and also condones the act of selling ones body as well as paying for sexual services. Such a system would be accountable for the repercussions this occupation has upon its members. For every occupation that is sanctioned by law and society there exists a representative in the form of an organization or a union that supports t he best interest of its employees and ensures their well being. However the question that arises in the case of prostitution is whether the occupation is such that it poses a serious immediate threat to a womans psychological and physical health on a regular continuous basis? if so, then the act of sanctioning such an occupation and creating a system that supports it leads to a paradox not only in a moral sense but also in keeping with the actual negative effects of the occupation versus the benefits of legalizing prostitution. The present paper is an attempt to gain greater clarity about the potential risks of this occupation. To assess whether commercial sex workers will ultimately suffer traumatic experiences to such an extent that their psychological and emotional health will prevent them from leading functional productive social and healthy lives. Some might argue that traumatic experiences or harmful effects are faced by individuals in various other professions such as the military, war journalism, psychiatry, medical science or people working in factories where they are exposed to harmful substances on a daily basis. Thus these occupations are also a great cause for concern. However prostitution has been described as an act which is intrinsically traumatizing to the person being prostituted.(Farley et al, 1988) Researchers have found that 92% of people interviewd stated that they wanted to leave prostitution .Also it has been reported that Sexual and other physical violence is the normative experience for women in prostitution (Baldwin, 1992; Farley and Barkan, 1998; Hunter, 1994; Silbert and Pines, 1982) In light of such evidence one can hardly suggest that prostitution is an occupation that an individual would willingly participate in if she truly had another option or was entirely aware of the health risk involved.Infact Silbert and her colleagues(1982) have described a psychological paralysis of prostituted women, characterized by immobility, acceptance of victimization, hopelessness, and an inability to take the opportunity to change, which results from the inescapable violence they encountered throughout their lives (Silbert Pines, 1982). According to Farley (2006) Prostitution is sexual violence that results in massive economic profit for some of its perpetrators. The sex industry, like other global enterprises, has domestic and international sectors, marketing sectors, a range of physical locations out of which it operates in each community, is controlled by many different owners and managers, and is constantly expanding as technology, law, and public opinion permit. She further stresses that prostitution as a profession is rife with every imaginable type of physical and sexual violence. If prostitution is to be legalized, would it then become a recognized profession such as teaching, management, law etc? Would it be part of a career guidance course, would the individuals engaged in this occupation be treated with the same respect, dignity and rights that are allotted to others? Although it remains a personal choice to judge another human being, collective morality exists in every society and forms the basis for norms and beliefs in that society. Legalization of prostitution would condone an act that is considered inhumane by many yet legalization might afford better right to prostitutes and improve their standard of living. This debate eventually turns into a circular argument that requires a subjective approach rather than an objective methodology applied to all other aspects of human science. It becomes a matter of safety and humanity rather than a debate of legality and morality. Hence from the authors perspective a Psychological study aimed at evaluating the men tal health of prostitutes and determining to what extent this correlates to their occupation will indeed contribute to the argument and perhaps indicate how one can decide the matter of whether prostitution should be legalized and thus condoned by government and subsequently (but unlikely) be accepted morally; or whether we must at some point accept that the oldest profession in the world has seriously contributed to the psychopathology of women engaged in this profession. There are several different perspectives on prostitution that have been discussed and documented. The perspective that prostitution is violence against women has been described and critiqued by Jeffreys (2000).She argues that that child and adult prostitution are inextricably interlinked, both in personnel (the women and children work together), in terms of the abusers (who make no distinctions), in the harm they cause and in that both constitute harmful traditional practices which must be ended. Another perspective suggests that in recent decades prostitution has been industrialized and globalized. Industrialization means the ways in which traditional forms of organization of prostitution are being changed by economic and social forces to become large scale and concentrated, normalized and part of the mainstream corporate sphere. Prostitution has been transformed from an illegal, small scale, largely local and socially despised form of abuse of women into a hugely profitable and either legal or tolerated international industry. In states that have legalized their prostitution industries large-scale, industrialized brothels employ hundreds of women overseen and regulated by government agencies (M. Sullivan, 2007). In some parts of Asia the industrialization of prostitution has taken place in the form of the creation of massive prostitution areas within cities. In Daulatdia, formed 20 years ago, in a port city in Bangladesh, 1,600 women are sexually used by 3,000 men daily (Hammond, 2008). This paper is presented in three parts. The first part highlights the Framework that governs the sex trade industry in India, the second part focuses on the Psychological implications of prostitution and the third part discusses the implications of legalizing and regulating sex trade. Prostitution in India India is a country that prides itself for upholding age old traditions and cultural practices rooted in religious beliefs which encourage a way of life that is morally correct and ethically sound. It is a country which has great respect for the elderly, believes in the integrity of honesty and fidelity and places much emphasis on purity. Right from the religious scriptures to the common mans notion about what is the ideal way of living one can witness a belief in simplicity, generosity and secularity. This comes from the fact that India is a country of a hundred cultures all inter-mingling to create a nation that is unified in language, sport and entertainment and often diversified in religion, custom and caste. However one thing that remains collective and common to all the culturally opposed regions is the practice of sex trade. Prostitution in India has a long history. Devadasi System: In ancient India prostitutes have been referred to as Devadasis. Originally, Devadasis were celibate dancing girls used in temple ceremonies and they entertained members of the ruling class. But sometime around the 6th Century, the practice of dedicating girls to Hindu gods became prevalent in a practice that developed into ritualized prostitution. Devadasi literally means Gods (Dev) female servant (Dasi), where according to the ancient Indian practice, young pre-pubertal girls are married off, given away in matrimony to God or Local religious deity of the temple. The marriage usually occurs before the girl reaches puberty and requires the girl to become a prostitute for upper-caste community members. Such girls are known as jogini. They are forbidden to enter into a real marriage. In Karnataka, the most common form of traditional sex work is associated with the Devadasi system.   Today, the districts bordering Maharashtra and Karnataka, known as the Devadasi belt, have trafficking structures operating at various levels. The women here are in prostitution either because their husbands deserted them, or they are trafficked through coercion and deception Many are devadasi dedicated into prostitution for the goddess Yellamma. In one Karnataka brothel, all 15 girls are devadasi. (Meena Menon, The Unknown Faces). Researchers have found that differences between Devadasi and non-Devadasi Female sex workers (FSWs) with regard to the pattern and environment of sex work were substantial. Devadasi FSWs were much more likely to entertain clients at home, reported a higher average number of sex partners in the past week, and charged less on average to each client. Devadasi FSWs were less likely to migrate to work at another location within the state of Karnataka but were somewhat more likely to have migrated to another state for work. Devadasi FSWs were more likely to accept every client and reported client initiated violence much less often than did non-Devadasi FSWs. Devadasi FSWs also were significantly less likely to report having ever been harassed by the police (Laanchard, F, J et al 2005). Sex trade Industry in India: There are approximately 10 million prostitutes in India. (Human Rights Watch, Robert I. Freidman, Indias Shame: Sexual Slavery and Political Corruption Are Leading to An AIDS Catastrophe,  The Nation, 8 April 1996).The largest red light district in India, perhaps in the world, is the Falkland Road Kamatipura area of Bombay. There are more than 100,000 women in prostitution in Bombay, Asias largest sex industry center (Freidman, R.I 1996). At least 2,000 women were in prostitution along the Baina beachfront in Goa. (Moronh,F 1997).There are 300,000-500,000 children in prostitution in India. ( Bedi,R 1997) India, along with Thailand and the Philippines, has 1.3 million children in its sex-trade centers. (Soma Wadhwa, For sale childhood, Outlook, 1998) India and Paksitan are the main destinations for children under 16 who are trafficked in south Asia. (Masako Iijima, S. Asia urged to unite against child prostitution,  Reuters, 19 June 1998) In India, Karnataka, Andha Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu are considered high supply zones for women in prostitution. Bijapur, Belgaum and Kolhapur are common districts from which women migrate to the big cities, as part of an organised trafficking network. (Central Welfare Board, Meena Menon, The Unknown Faces) A few hundred thousand men have sexual relations with prostitutes every day in India.  Ã‚  Insights derived by health practitioners and social workers from the experience of working in red-light areas suggest that the following categories of men are frequent visitors to prostitutes: low-level workers in the manufacturing and transport industries; other workers living away from their families for a length of time; traders and customers in transitory markets; visitors to fairs, festivals and pilgrim centres; defence personnel living away from families; students; pimps and others who have some control over prostitutes; traders and service providers in red-light areas. According to one author of The Unkown Faces There are three routes into prostitution for most women in India. 1) Deception 2) Devadasi dedication and 3) Bad marriages or families. A study conducted by researcher s in Karnataka, a Southern state of India found that Participants gave diverse reasons for entering sex work . Overall 26% stated that induction into the Devadasi tradition was at least 1 reason that they entered sex work, and 66% of these Female sex workers (FSWs) listed it as the only reason that they entered sex work. Other stated reasons for entering sex work included financial need- 36%, marital or family discord or dissolution -30%, and being coerced or lured- 20%. Chattopadhyay M, Bandyopadhyay S, Duttagupta C, (1994) conducted interviews with 33 female prostitutes in Domjur, Howrah District, West Bengal, to understand the processes by which women become prostitutes. Twenty-one of them were married. More than 50%, who had been married before the age of 18, became prostitutes before 25 and were older than 30. 66% did not engage in illicit sex before becoming prostitutes. About 20% had been prostitutes for more than 15 years. Most prostitutes earned about Rs. 1000 per month. 66% had a maximum number of five clients/day. Three prostitutes had as many as seven to eight clients/day. Life events and their reactions that led them to become prostitutes belonged to two categories: (1) women who were either widowed (17 women) or abused by husband and in-laws (4 women), leaving them with no social or economic support and (2) women who chose prostitution as an easy means to support themselves (9 women) or because they had sexual urges or were curious (3 w omen). Empirical studies along in red-light areas of a few large cities corroborate the common knowledge that prostitutes, in general, lead a poor standard of life in dilapidated and unhygienic environments (Gilada n.d.; Ghosh and Das 1994). A major portion of what their clients pay is shared by pimps, landlords, madams, financiers and policemen. They do not get nutritionally adequate food and they are exploited by local traders who sell them essential goods. Because of strong prejudice against them they cannot take advantage of the government health facilities and have to depend mostly on local quacks who charge them exorbitantly for treatment and medicines. A large proportion of them suffer intermittently from various kinds of STDs. Most of them are forced to enter this occupation because of adverse circumstances. In a country that has strict values and restrictions towards marriage,dating and pre-marital sex there seems to be a rampant disregard for the value of a womans right to dignity and integrity.In India, It is generally considered unacceptable for a woman or man to engage in sex before marriage or with more than one partner. Speaking about sex related issues is taboo in most households and sex education in schools is strongly opposed and rendered inappropriate. It is believed that one should respect traditions and avoid places,people,movies,books or music that are provocative or in any way of a sexual nature. Conservatism and orthodox customs are welcomed and whole heardtedly preached and in some cases practiced in India. Thus, it comes as a shock to realize that the hub of the Sex trade throughout Asia and possibly the world is housed in the biggest city in India-Mumbai. It is a sad and cruel paradox that a country that preaches about purity and chastity has the largest brothels in th e world and is a central point in the human trafficking system. Legal position in India: Laws related to prostitution in India:   Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girl Act -1956   Prevention of Immoral Traffic Act-1956   Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act-1956 In legal terms, the Indian Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956, criminalized the volitional act of a female offering her body for promiscuous sexual intercourse for hire whether in money or in kind. But, under the revised 1986 Act, prostitution means the sexual exploitation or abuse of persons for commercial purpose, and the expression prostitute shall be constructed accordingly so there is not only no criminality if there is offering by way of free contract, there is not even prostitution. In India the primary law dealing with the status of sex workers is the 1956 law referred to as the  The  Immoral Traffic (Suppression) Act (SITA). According to this law, sex work in  India  is neither legal nor illegal; it is tolerated since prostitutes can practice their trade privately but cannot legally solicit customers in public. Unlike as is the case with other professions, however, sex workers are not protected under normal workers laws, and are not entitled to minimum wage benefits, compensation for injury or other benefits that are common in other types of work. Although prostitution (the act of selling ones body in a non public setting) is legal in India, brothel keeping, living off the earnings of a prostitute, soliciting or seducing for the purposes of prostitution are all punishable offenses. (Robert I. Freidman, Indias Shame: Sexual Slavery and Political Corruption Are Leading to An AIDS Catastrophe,  The Nation, 8 April 1996) Psychological distress among sex workers Considerable research has been conducted in the area of sex trade and prostitution. Most of this research in the social sciences focuses on the health risks involved, particularly HIV, AIDS. There is a large-scale ignorance of the psychological harm that is faced by women who are prostituted. Prostitution has been defined in many ways either by political or legal organizations. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined prostitution as a dynamic and adaptive process that involves a transaction between seller and buyer of a sexual service (World Health Organization, 1988). WHO has since recommended decriminalization of prostitution (Ahmad, 2001). Much of the health sciences literature has viewed prostitution as a job choice (Deren et al., 1996; Farr, Castro, DiSantostefano, Claassen, Olguin, 1996; Green et al., 1993; Romans, Potter,Martin,Herbison, 2001; UN/AIDS, 2002). However the notion that prostitution is work tends to make its harm invisible. Important questions remain unanswered regarding the epidemiology and etiology of psychological distress among sex traders. Many sex traders and drug users from poor neighborhoods have experienced homelessness, rape, and other violent events associated with psychological distress. High proportions of prostitutes are drug-dependent and have experienced physical and sexual abuse in childhood and adulthood (Church, Henderson, Barnard, Hart, 2001; El-Bassel, Schilling, Irwin, Faruque, Gilbert, Von Bargen, Serrano, Edlin, 1997; El- Bassel, Simoni, Cooper, Gilbert, Schilling, 2001). The Psychological literature on Prostitution has focused on different theories to explain the role of a prostitute either as a victim or a risk-taker. There has been tremendous debate over the underlying factors that lead a woman into this profession. It is assumed that prostituted women have personality characteristics which lead to their victimization. Rosiello (1993) described the inherent masochism of prostituted women as a necessary ingredient of their self-concept. MacVicar and Dillon (1980) suggested that masochism plays a central role in the acceptance of abuse by pimps. Psychoanalytic theories that prostituting originates in maternal deprivation or from the anal desires of the child -have been described by Weisberg (1985) and Bullough Bullough (1996).Vanwesenbeeck, et al (1993) identified three groups of prostituted women as 1) those who had a positive, businesslike attitude and consistent condom use, 2) those who had a negative attitude and occasional failure to use condom s),and 3) risk takers who did not use condoms and who reported feeling powerless. The risk takers reported fears of violence and despair in situations where they were powerless. One woman stated that health planning was not a priority when your whole lifes a misery and pain (Vanwesenbeeck et al., 1993). Women in prostitution are often assumed to have an underlying personality disorder. De Schampheleire (1990) concluded that 61 prostituted women had emotional difficulties that resulted first in addictions, and later in prostitution, which was itself described as a diversion from other psychological problems. This is clearly indicative that there is a belief that emotionally disturbed or vulnerable women are more likely to enter into prostitution, further become victimized and continue in this profession as a means of coping with their initial sense of turmoil or unworthiness. This literature fails to recognize the various other reasons that women enter into prostitution (such as financial need or coercion), and ultimately suffer psychological difficulties as a result of this profession. It is assumed with a stance of such stoicism that women willingly enter into a profession in which they become victims of battering, rape, fatal physiological conditions, constant trauma and degradation. However there is literature that supports the idea that prostitution does indeed inflict psychological distress on the individual. Graaf et al. (1995) and Plant et al (1989) found that womens alcohol use in prostitution was related to the psychological trauma of prostitution. It permitted a chemical dissociation, as well as a means of anesthetizing their physical aversion for the act of sex for payment. Green et al (1993) noted that some Glasgow women were only able to prostitute under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Alegria et al (1994) found that 70% of 127 Puerto Rican women in prostitution had symptoms of depression which were associated with increased risk behaviors for HIV. Violence against women in Prostitution: In the past decade, a number of authors have documented or analyzed the sexual and physical violence that is the normative experience for women in prostitution, including Baldwin (1993, 1999); Barry (1979, 1995); Boyer, Dworkin (1981, 1997, 2000); Farley, Baral, Kiremire, and Sezgin (1998); Giobbe (1991, 1993) .Sexual violence and physical assault are the norm for women in all types of prostitution. Nemoto, Operario, Takenaka, Iwamoto, and Le (2003) reported that 62% of Asian women in San Francisco massage parlors had been physically assaulted by customers. Raymond, DCunha, et al. (2002) found that 80% of women who had been trafficked or prostituted suffered violence-related injuries in prostitution. Among the women interviewed by Parriott (1994), 85% had been raped in prostitution. In another study, 94% of those in street prostitution had experienced sexual assault and 75% had been raped by one or more customers (Miller, 1995). In the Netherlands, where prostitution is legal, 60% of prostituted women suffered physical assaults; 70% experienced verbal threats of physical assault; 40% experienced sexual violence; and 40% had been forced into prostitution or sexual abuse by acquaintances (Vanwesenbeeck, 1994). Most young women in prostitution were abused or beaten by customers as well as pimps. Silbert and Pines (1981, 1982) reported that 70% of women suffered rape in prostitution, with 65% having been physically assaulted by customers and 66% assaulted by pimps. Of 854 people in prostitution in nine countries (Canada, Colombia, Germany, Mexico, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, United States, and Zambia), 71% experienced physical assaults in prostitution, and 62% reported rapes in prostitution (Farley, Cotton, et al., 2003). Eighty-nine percent told the researchers that they wanted to leave prostitution but did not have other options for economic survival. To normalize prostitution as a reasonable job choice for poor women makes invisible their strong desire to escape prostitution. Vanwesenbeeck (1994) found that two factors were associated with greater violence in prostitution. The greater the poverty, the greater the violence; and the longer one is in prostitution, the more likely one is to experience violence. Research and clinical reports have documented the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse and chronic traumatization among prostituted women (Belton, 1992; Burgess,et al., 1987; Giobbe et al., 1990; James Meyerding, 1977; Paperny Deisher, 1983; Silbert Pines, 1981, Simons Whitbeck, 1991; Widom Kuhns, 1996). Weisberg (1985) reported that 70% of women suffered rape in prostitution, with 65% of prostitutes having been physically assaulted by customers; and 66% assaulted by pimps. The Council for Prostitution Alternatives in Portland, Oregon, reported that prostituted women were raped an average of once a week (Hunter, 1994). Women in prostitution are battered women. Prostitution, like battering, is a form of domestic violence. Giobbe (1993) compared pimps and batterers and found similarities in their use of enforced social isolation, minimization and denial, threats, intimidation, verbal and sexual abuse, attitude of ownership, and extreme physical violence to control women. The techniques of physical violence used by pimps are often the same as those used by torturers. Gray (1973, cited in Weisberg, 1985) reported that one teenager was beaten with a 6-foot bullwhip and another was tied to a car and forced to run behind it. It has been reasonably estimated that prostitution is 80% to 90% pimp-controlled (Giobbe Gamache, 1990; Hunter, 1994). The primary concern of prostituted women in Glasgow was violence from customers (Green et al., 1993). Rape was common. The women in Glasgow were physically abused as part of the job of prostitution. They were whipped and 1 7 beaten up, with payment at times received per individual blow (Green et al., 1993, page 328). Prostituted women described a minority of customers as extremely dangerous. These men were likely to assault or murder women in prostitution for pleasure. They used fists, feet, baseball bats, knives, or guns in their assaults on the women. One man inserted a shotgun into at least one womans vagina and mouth. 87% of prostituted women interviewed by Miller (1995) were physically assaulted in prostitution, with 31% having been stabbed, and 25% being hit with an object. 37% of her sample had been held captive. Prostituted women were often assaulted and robbed (Green et al, 1993; Hardesty Greif, 1994; Miller, 1995). Miller Schwartz (1995) found that 94% of those in street prostitution had experienced some form of sexual assault; 75% had been raped by one or more customers. In spite of this, there was a widespread belief that the concept of rape did not apply to prostitutes. If rape of a prostituting woman occurs, some have considered the rape to be theft or breach of contract rather than rape. Many people assumed that when a prostituted woman was raped, it was part of her job and that she deserved or even asked for the rape. In an example of this bias, a California judge overturned a jurys decision to charge a customer with rape, saying that a woman who goes out on the street and makes a whore out of herself opens herself up to anybody. One juror interpreted the judges decision as a refusal to give rights to prostitutes (Arax, 1986). Psychological Trauma as a result of prostitution: Dissociation is the psychological process of banishing traumatic events from consciousness (Herman, 1992). It is an emotional shutting-down which occurs during extreme stress among prisoners of war who are being tortured, among children who are being sexually assaulted, and among women being battered or raped or prostituted. Vanwesenbeeck (1994) considered dissociation in those prostituted to be a consequence of both childhood violence and adult violence in prostitution. She noted that a proficiency in dissociation, perhaps learned in order to survive sexual abuse as a child, was required in prostitution. Ross et al (1990) noted dissociative symptoms in women in strip club prostitution. Belton (1998) reported that depression as well as dissociative disorders were common among prostituted women. It is clear that women in prostitution suffer from psychological trauma which affects their functioning.Other than dissociation,drug use an emotional vulnerability women in prostitution suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Symptoms are anxiety, depression, insomnia, irritability, flashbacks, emotional numbing, and hyperalertness. Farley et al., (1998) interviewed 475 prostituted people in 5 countries (South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, USA, and Zambia) and found that 67% met diagnostic criteria for PTSD, suggesting that the traumatic sequelae of prostitution were similar across different cultures. The violence of prostitution, the constant humiliation, the social indignity and misogyny result in personality changes which have been described by Herman (1992) as complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). Symptoms of CPTSD include changes in consciousness and self-concept, changes in the ability to regulate emotions, changes in systems of meaning, such as loss of faith, and an unremitting sense of despair. Once out of prostitution, 76% of a group of women interviewed by Parriott (1994) reported that they had great difficulty with intimate relationships. Not only were sexual feelings destroyed in prostitution, but the emotional part of the self was eroded. (Hoigard Finstad,1986; Giobbe, 1991, 1992) One of the longer-lasting effects of CPTSD involves changes in relations with other people, including changes in perception of the perpetrator of abuse. Previous research on women who engaged in prostitution has found a high rate of drug abuse among this population (Kuhns, Heide, Silverman, 1992; El-Bassel et al., 1997; Nadon, Koverola, Schludermann, 1998; Potterat,)The need for drugs, both physical and emotional, often overpowers prostitutes aversion toward the degrading aspects of their occupation (Weeks et al., 1998). In another study, El-Bassel and colleagues (1997) found that drug-using prostitutes scored higher than drug-using non-prostitutes from the same community on several measures of psychological distress, such as depression, anxiety, and paranoid ideation, and suggested that psychological distress among prostitutes was brought about by the dangerous and degrading circumstances surrounding their work. Researchers found that the women who were prostituting were more likely to report using drugs to increase their feelings of confidence, sense of control, and feelings of closeness to others and to decrease their feelings of guilt and sexual distress. (Young,A,M et al 2000). Furthermore the researchers found that the subservient, humiliating nature of prostitution suggests that these women would tend to feel less confident and in control while working, and would wish to regain these feelings, and the ability to feel close to others, after being sexually involved with a stranger or strangers. Other studies have found that women engaged in prostitution use drugs and alcohol to feel more confident on the job, more calm and able to suppress negative feelings, and more relaxed and sociable (Gossop et al., 1994; Silbert et al 1982; Feucht, 1993). The evidence is clear and alarming, Psychological distress is an inevitable result of prostitution and is more than likely to inte

Friday, September 20, 2019

One Is Not Born A Woman

One Is Not Born A Woman A single, short expression that poses the central feminist question about sex difference is the following: Mamas baby, papas maybe. Biology has granted women a right to genetic parenthood that no man is privileged to share. However, this expression is subject to inversion in the text, The Color Purple, which I have chosen to discuss in the light of womanism rather than feminism because the former is more inclusive than the latter. Moreover, the traditional concept of man- woman relationship/ dependency physically and ideologically is put to severe blow by Monique Wittigs concept of lesbianism in her controversial yet most famous essay, One is not born a woman. This paper aims to show the bonding between Celie and Shug through the theories put forward by Wittig. The meaning of love, companionship and sexual pleasure finds an altered form in the chosen text and proves that woman does not need a man to complete her. Keywords: intertextuality, womanism, black identity PAPER Monique Wittig is a well-known French feminist writer. In 1992, The Straight Mind and Other Essays, a compilation of essays on a variety of feminist and lesbian issues, stormed the world with its declaration of lesbians as opposed to the category of woman. The result was a book of nine essays in which she outlines her position on such issues as the category of sex, the heterosexism inherent in language and the social contract. It cajoles one to think about ones natural assumptions about gender and sexuality. According to Wittigs preface, the first half of the collection is concerned with materialist lesbianism in which she describes heterosexuality not as an institution but as a political regime which rests on the submission and the appropriation of women (p. xiii). In One Is Not Born a Woman, one of the essays in the book that I have chosen to read, is an attempt to establish a link between women fighting for women as a class, against the idea of woman as an essentialist concept. Wittig being a contemporary proponent of feminist and gay/lesbian rights, takes constructionist viewpoints of the likes of Simone de Beauvoir, that One is not born a woman, but becomes a woman. No biological, psychological, or economic fate determines the figure that the human female presents in society: it is civilization as a whole that produces this creature, intermediate between male and eunuch, which is described as feminine. (p.1) The advantage of womanism as a theory is that it, unlike the feminist movement, brings to bear upon the woman question more than a white womans perspective in its effort at ridding the society of sexual inequality (Aldridge 127). Womanism also acknowledges the existence of the male counterpart, seeing him as an equal victim with the woman. However, it is pertinent to mention here that black women were victimized thrice in terms of racism, sexism, and economic exploitation though the womanists combat the question of racism first before the gender issue. The emphasis varies from female- empowerment to race-empowerment and Womens Liberation Movement to Black Freedom Movement (Aldridge 133, 135). Toni Cade in her 1970 anthology The Black Woman elaborates: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] Over the years, things have sort of been cooled out. But I have yet to hear a coolheaded analysis of just what any particular groups stand is on the question. Invariably, I hear from some dude that Black women must be supportive and patient so that Black men can regain their manhood. The notion of womanhood they argue and only if pressed to address themselves to the notion do they think of it or argue- is dependent on his defining his manhood (Cade). The categories of sex (woman and man) essentially appropriates that one having capacity to give birth (biologically) is a woman and that it is the only creative act that determines her existence and her identity proclaiming her naturalized slavery to man as master/ oppressor. Wittig defines woman in terms of her relationship with man which takes the form of a forced residence, domestic corvee, conjugal duties, unlimited production of children etc. This applies to Celie, the protagonist of Walkers The Color Purple who contents herself with a purposeless life and is oblivious of the orgasmic pleasure until she meets Shug Avery. Essentially the patriarchal society, as Wittig asserts, strengthens the form of oppression through imaginary formation of physical features. A black is perceived as a black, therefore, s/he is a black; similarly, a woman is perceived or seen as a woman, therefore she is a woman. However, it is not because she is born that way, but because she is made to be so. Walker swept the world with her crude yet realistic portrayal of strong women characters and equally repulsive men characters in her Pulitzer winning novel, The Color Purple. Her clarion call for Black Womanism had just begun. She could not accept the idea of the White feminism speaking for women of color because she correctly witnessed the alienation of the black experience and further marginalization of texts by black feminists in the mainstream academic tradition. Her ideology of womanism first appeared in her book In Search of Our Mothers Gardens: Womanist Prose (1983), in which she attributes the words origin to the black folk expression of mothers to female children, You acting womanish, i.e. like a woman à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ usually referring to outrageous, audacious, courageous, or willful behavior à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [A womanist is also] a woman who loves other women sexually and/or nonsexually appreciates and prefers womens culture, womens emotional flexibility (values tears as natural counterbalance of laughter), and womens strength. Sometimes loves individual men, sexually and/or non-sexually. Committed to survival and wholeness of entire people, male and female. Not a separatist, except periodically, for health. Traditionally universalistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Loves music. Loves dance. Loves the moon. Loves the Spirit. Loves love and food and roundness. Loves struggle. Loves the Folk. Loves herself. Regardless. And Womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender. (p. xi-xii) Feminism as a movement is exclusively for women and has as its agenda the repudiation of male hegemony. The meaning of female denotes the sex that can bear offspring or produce eggs, distinguished biologically by the production of gametes (ova) that can be fertilized by male gametes. Thus, biology can use the term female rather than girl and woman. Femininity, on the other hand, is a group of traits that have culturally become associated with women, but they do not make a woman. The patriarchy views woman as an incomplete man, the second sex, the other. But in refusing to become a woman does not imply that one adorns the role of a man since as Wittig puts it- For becoming a man would demand from a woman not only a mans external appearance but his consciousness as wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ one feature of lesbian oppression consists precisely of making women out of reach for us, since women belong to men. Thus a lesbian has to be something else, a not-woman, a not-man, a product of society, not a product of nature, for there is no nature in society. (p.4) She elaborates her argument further asserting that- The refusal to become (or to remain) heterosexual always meant to refuse to become a man or a woman, consciously or not. For a lesbian this goes further than the refusal of the role woman. It is the refusal of the economic, ideological, and political power of man. (p.4 ) The term gender was coined by Greek philosopher, Protagoras. Greek nouns were divided into three different classes which attributed its existence to a word meaning class or kind- masculine, feminine, and neuter (Cameron, p.89). The masculine, Jakob Grimm, a German philologist explained, means the earlier, larger, firmer, more inflexible, swift, active, mobile, productive; the feminine the later, smaller, smoother, the more still, suffering, receptive (Cameron, p.92). However, the category of woman is neither biological nor grammatical. It is a cultural construct. Womanism, on the other hand, considers the society as a collective whole and acknowledges the inter-linked fate of the black women with their men in the community. Rather than supporting separatism, Womanism promotes universalism. Womanism, like Black Feminism, provides a space for Black women and women of color to create dialogue in a non-dominative and a non-threatening environment. Womanism is not a new idea by any means; in fact there is evidence of its origins in the sacred texts of ancient Africa, especially the Husia of Egypt and the Odu Ifa of ancient Yorubaland. Concepts from the Husia such as the Divine inclusiveness of male and female principles, woman and man as the image of God and the concept of human customarily written with male and female characters in hieroglyphs indicate the belief that woman and man were equal by nature and divinely and must operate as such (Karenga 324). Wittig thus, busts the myth of woman (created by men) by questioning and agreeing to Beauvoir, that the concept of woman is wonderful, underlining women having the best of features is a judgment men have compartmentalized according to their own perception. To save one self being entrapped in such a purview is the aim of the lesbian- feminists who strive for a sexless society. In this light then the concerns of feminism too is subjected to scrutiny. Feminism contains the word femme meaning woman, fighting for women as a class or, the removal of this class. If it is so, then the movement took precedence from the acceptance of the notion that women shared common features as a result of oppression; But for them these features were natural and biological rather than social. Wittig takes upon her the daunting task of establishing the idea of lesbians as opposed to the class of woman/man in materialist terms. It does not imply that men as species should be led to extinction but to suppress men as a class through political struggle. Once this category of class disappears, says Wittig, the natural and historical division between man and woman too will vanish, for there are no slaves without masters. The political formation of class can be traced back to the ideology of Marxism which states individuals to be product of society, and that only their consciousness can be alienated not the individual herself/ himself until the class that dominates ceases to produce the ideas itself that alienates them from the class that they oppress. For instance in order to achieve a sexless society, the visible division between the bourgeois and the proletariat has to be removed first and then only can there be no-man and no-woman, but all humans society. As Wittig puts- This real necessity for everyone to exist as an individual, as well as a member of a class, is perhaps the first condition for the accomplishment of a revolution, without which there can be no real fight or transformation. But the opposite is also true; without class and class consciousness there are no real subjects, only alienated individuals.(p.10) Thus, lesbianism is the only concept that provides for a chance to create such a social form where humankind can live freely. Celies realization of herself as a woman capable of living independently without the necessity of a man in her life, springs from the unconditional love she receives from Shug Avery, another woman for The Color Purple establishes itself as a story of women by a woman. It moves away from the categories of woman and man because a lesbian is neither a man nor a woman, either economically, or politically, or ideologically. Here, Wittigs text offers some positive contributions to feminist and queer theory, in particular her deconstruction of the term woman and her focus on the power of language. As she clarifies- There is no possible fight for someone deprived of an identity, no internal motivation for fighting, since, although I can fight only with others, first I fight for myself. (p.7) In the The Color Purple the women are doubly marginalized, first as a black, seen as the other by the white, and, secondly, as a subordinate group by the men. Celie is so used to the oppression by the men around her that when her step- son Harpo complains of his wifes disobedience to him, she advises him to beat her: an alternative for her does not exist. Nettie, on the other hand, refuses to give in to the whims and fancies of the male order. She fights and carves an identity and life for her with her marriage to Samuel, a missionary. It is Shug Avery, a Blues singer, who reveals to Celie the value of independence and the assertion of a womans identity. Through the conversations and the relationship thus enforced between Shug and Celie, one can find clinching evidence of subversive textuality wherein the traditional text is undermined and hetereosexuality is challenged. The realization brings about a metamorphosis in Celie. She forgives the men in her life who viewed her as nothing more than a mule of the world. She emerges like the autobiographical Walker as a butterfly whose fiercely strong willpower makes the society and world at large celebrate her identity and individuality. As Toni Morrison maintains in Beloved, Definitions belong to the definers not the defined. Self naming and self defining is crucial. (Morrison 1987). So too, womanists like Alice Walker, Toni Morrison, Patricia Hills Collins, Clenora Hudson- Weems assert authoritatively their political identity to the world, amidst the frequent conflation with the Black Feminists.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Death and the Maiden Essay -- Ariel Dorfman

“There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about.” Ââ€"Oscar Wilde Death and the Maiden discusses Princess Diana, her media, and her public from the point-of-view of Maureen Dowd. Was Diana the “spendthrift of her own celebrity”? Is the media a market of vultures feeding off of Diana? Does the public actually have any remorse for the Princess? There is no right or wrong answers for these questions because they are merely opinionated. Whether or not Diana was a victim of celebrity culture or the creator of her own demise is debatable, and even though Dowd thinks the coverage of DianaÂ’s death was awful she felt she brought on a lot of the other attention herself. She implies that DianaÂ’s celebrity led to her making careless, irrational decisions. Dowd states “The Princess of Wales was the queen of surfaces, ruling over a kingdom where fame was the highest value and glamour was the most cherished attribute.” Here she insinuates Diana is superficial and did things on purpose for the fame, she then goes on to say “she rode the...

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Truss Design Project Essay -- Engineering

Summary We have designed a truss to support a point load, placed at 190mm from the edge of a 450mm gap. The vertical face of the trusses is modelled on the already established ‘K’ truss design, but the overall shape of the structure is our own. There are three ‘K’ units on each truss. The two vertical faces are held together at the top by another truss-like design. We modelled this on the ‘N’ truss. The truss is constructed from hot-dog sticks, glue and bolts. Introduction The task was to construct a truss out of 48 hot-dog sticks and 30 bolts to support as large a point load as possible. It was to span a gap of 450mm and to support a load placed at 190mm from the end. The truss may have a maximum depth beneath the supports of 130mm, and the loading rod placed not more than 110mm beneath the supports. Member ends must be bolted and the forces within the members calculable. Project Objectives †¢ Maximise the load capacity of the truss †¢ Achieve an even distribution of force to each member †¢ Construct the truss carefully for maximum quality †¢ Design a truss which did not fail from flexural-torsional buckling. Development of the Model We began by researching established truss designs, such as the Bailey bridge, Baltimore bridge and the N truss. We realised that although each type of truss was useful for its own purpose, none of the bridges was intended for supporting a point load. However, we compared the designs by calculating the distribution of forces in the members. This gave some guidance to the development of the model. We researched the ‘K’ truss, which is composed of many repeated ‘K’ units, in either direction. This design gives the most even distribution of force to the members, which satisfies o... ... to the members; reinforcing material glued to compression members; holes drilled towards the middle of tension members to give extra support; the rounded shape of the top and bottom of the trusses for improved weight distribution; and the ‘N’ truss design on the top and bottom to prevent flexural-torsional buckling. Drawings are over the page Conclusions †¢ The K-truss is the most effective means of distributing a point load amongst members, under determinate conditions. †¢ Increasing the concavity/ angle of the outer members of the truss lessens the forces in the members. †¢ Reversing the direction of the K’s at the position of the point load helps to lessen the force in the corresponding vertical members. †¢ It is desirable to have as many K’s in the truss as possible. The solution is maximised so that all 30 bolts are used, giving a good amount of K joints.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Police Structure Essay

When it comes to law enforcement at the federal there are twenty one agencies that deal with issues of law enforcement. The FBI is one of these agencies, which was established in 1908. It is currently the main investigative agency of the Federal Government. The FBI is one of the agencies that is organized and run under the Department of Justice. The responsibility of the FBI is to investigate any crimes that happen across state lines as well as violation of federal criminal law. Some of the particular offenses that they investigate are civil rights violations, kidnapping, auto thefts and internal security issues. The FBI will also assist local law enforcement with their investigations as well. So when it comes to their role as it applies to the law. The law enforcement powers that the FBI as well as the other federal agencies have is to enforce any violations of current federal laws and mandates, but also have the power to enforce this over the entire United States. When it comes to state law enforcement most states have established their own state police agencies such as the Highway Patrol or State Trooper which is run under the rules of the state government. The primary purpose of establishing these state law enforcement agencies is to allow a policing agency to work throughout the entire state without the restrictions of city or county boundaries. The authority of these state police body’s are to make arrests, execute search warrants, conduct criminal investigations and enforce traffic laws on state and federal highways as well as investigate traffic accidents. Then there are the policing agencies that represent the greatest number of police officers. Throughout the United States these city police officers who work in large and medium size municipalities are the ones in charge of handling the investigation of such crimes as burglaries, robberies, assaults, and rapes as well as patrol all local streets and highways going through the cit y. The boundaries of these departments are restricted to enforcing the law within their own city limits. These local municipalities are usually run by a chief who is appointed by the city government. Outside the cities in the more rural areas there is a policing agency at the county level. These County police departments function much the same as municipal police, but are run by an elected sheriff instead of an appointed chief and the law enforcement officers who work for a sheriff’s department are typically called sheriff deputies. In the sheriff’s department the sheriff is typically elected to a two or four year term by the population of the county in which they serve. Since the sheriff is elected they usually have more degree of freedom that local city official have. When it comes to organizational theories for police officers and other agencies in law enforcement there are two different divisions the police who you see out on the streets patrolling neighborhoods and arresting criminals then there are those who work behind the scenes and whose job it is to hire and train new employees as well as making sure that communication between police and other entities is secure and not disrupted in emergency situations. They also make sure that all equipment is kept running and in good conditions so that it doesn’t fail the office when needed. These two divisions are who make up the large body of people in law enforcements. This chain of command is a very essential component in law enforcement administration, from the chief down to a patrol officer to those behind the scene the utilization of this organizational chart is what allows for clear delegation of authority in any chain of command structure. As stated in the book Police Administration: Structures, Processes, and Behavior. â€Å"The principal of hierarchical authority is a requirement that every lower level organization must be supervised by a higher level. This results not only in the use of multiple spans of control, but also in different grades of authority which increase at each successively higher level in an organization. This authority flows downward in the organization as a formal grant of power from the chief of police to those selected for leadership positions. These two different grades of authority produce the chain of command† (234, Swanson). With departments having these two very different divisions this type of management style in law enforcement is continually going to change and evolve and it will be up to the people that work in their departments to make the necessary changes by adjusting and personnel and department resources accordingly in order to continue with a working straight forward chain of command. Works Cited Swanson, Charles R, Leonard Territo, Robert W. Taylor. Police Administration: Structures, Processes, and Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2005

Monday, September 16, 2019

Domains Of Culture: Technology And Material Essay

1. There’s no arguing that technology has helped make life easier. Americans use it every day to communicate, travel, build and entertain themselves, but is it all positive? Does technology replace that which makes us human? Is technology harmful to the preservation of cultural values? Think about these questions as the effects of technology and material on American culture are explored. In the first point, the production element of technology and material will be covered, how it’s thought up and how it’s made. Then in the second point, the adoption aspect of technology and material will be examined, with how it ends up in the hands of everyone and becomes a part of American culture. 2. To start off, how is new technology produced? To produce a new technology there first has to be a need, a need to do something faster or more efficiently. A surprising number of technologies in use in the United States have come from the research of defense contractors employed by the US military. A majority of American use the Global Positioning System (GPS) to get directions on how to get from point A to B. This started out as a military technology designed to guide troops, as well as ensure missiles and artillery hit their targets. Not everyone may know that the internet, which is well known and used, started out in the 1960s as a military communication system. It was designed so the enemy couldn’t take out computer communication networks from a single point. The first computer was developed for the US military during World War II; it took up 2,000 square feet and was used for ballistics calculationsi. There have also been technological advances from civilians widely used today, such as the telephone. The telephone, invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, forever changed how Americans communicate as a society by providing instant communication without being face to face. 3. The motivations for the second element, adoption; are very different from production. When a new technology has been invented and produced, it is then up to private companies to sell the product to the public. This is how technology is adopted into American culture. Before a new technology is sold to the public, private companies m ust consider the perceived benefit,  the ease of use, immediacy of benefits, price, riskiness and return on investmentii. The motivations of private companies to make a profit are the primary factor considered in whether or not a new technology will be released, regardless of how much the technology is wanted or needed. There is no formal voting process that takes place for the public to decide what new technologies will be implemented into society. It all relies on private companies to sell them if they believe they can make money. The argument can be made though that the material and technology that consumers buy is them directly voting on what is adopted into American culture. 4. Arriving at the conclusion; It was explained how the production of technology and material has affected American culture. There have been numerous advances in technology that promise to make life easier and change how Americans operate as a culture. It was also explained how technology and material is adopted into society. Private companies are the primary force and they are motivated only by the promise to make a profit. As technology continues to advance and make lives easier, society is increasingly faced with the growing dilemma that was posed in the beginning. Will technology erode away cultural values and take away from what makes humans who they are?

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Punishment in the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Hebrew Bible

Not everyone has the same idea in mind about punishment, and nor did other countries from other times. The following books: The Iliad, The Odyssey, and The Hebrew Bible, entitling instances of cheating, kidnapping and murder, insulting and their punishment. Very rarely would you get away with something unseen because the Gods saw everything, and they could do just about anything known on earth to mankind or even to each other. Anything was punishable whatever time ear it was, and the Gods would cease the chance to take seeked revenge upon another. In many of the Greek based books, there was a lot of cheating going on. In the Hebrew Bible, there are severe punishments for cheating. In book I of The Iliad, Agamemnon had stated: â€Å"the daughter of Chryses. I have set my heart on keeping her in my own house, for I love her better even than my own wife Clytemnestra, whose peer she is alike in form and feature, in understanding and accomplishments. † In this statement, Agamemnon rathers Breisis, over his very wife because she is similar in looks, therefore would cheat instead of going back to his wife over some foolish love for a girl! Within the Odyssey, book III, one example is about how Nestor explains to Telemachus, – â€Å"†¦ ut we were over there, fighting hard at Troy, and Aegisthus who was taking his ease quietly in the heart of Argos, cajoled (consoled? ) Agamemnon's wife Clytemnestra with incessant flattery. † In the Hebrew bible, it states, Leviticus 20:10 â€Å"If a man commits adultery with another man's wife–with the wife of his neighbor–both the adulterer and the adulteress must be put to death. † So if caught cheating, followed by what the Hebrew bible says to do, you will be put to death. So if you are the one putting someone to death for adultery, doesn’t that make you the murder? To take away a living being’s life? Throughout the Iliad and the Odyssey, there are many points where women are given as prizes. So if the women are given as a prize, is it counted as cheating? In the Iliad, punishment to Agamemnon’s adulterous wife, Agamemnon kills her. In the Odyssey, Clytemnestra tries to take her love, Aegisthus for revenge. Soon enough, he is also put to the death, and she as well. In the Hebrew bible, one quote that represents well is Deuteronomy 22:22 â€Å"If a man is found sleeping with another man's wife, both the man who slept with her and the woman must die. You must purge the evil from Israel. So the average punishment for adultery, or cheating, was the death penalty. Kidnapping was also a big theme in the Iliad, in which Breisis, daughter of the priest Apollo, was kidnapped by Agamemnon, whom professes his love for her and does not want to give her up for life itself. Helen to was kidnapped by Paris, in order to fulfill their love, but making things worse. In the Odyssey, Persephone is kidnapped by Hades, and brought to the underworld six months of the year. s Exodus 21:16: â€Å"Anyone who kidnaps another and either sells him or still has him when he is caught must be put to death. † So is there a pattern for death at this time back then? Yes, indeed! In the Iliad, many people like Ajax the greater and Ajax the lesser and Agamemnon both insult Achilles for not fighting, but then Achilles also takes his prize of Breisis. Being insulted was part of the shame culture and many of the men would rather die than shame their village or family. In the Odyssey, book XVIII, Cached  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  SimilarYou +1'd this publicly. Undo after suffering enough insults from the servant-girl: Melantho, Odysseus is taunted by Eurymachus, who also hurls a footstool, though missing. Insulting could get charges put on them. When you have insulted someone, due to what the Hebrew bible says, they are to be stoned to the death, even for the first offense. Punishment pretty well was all the same in the Hebrew bible, with even the first violation being stoned to death, but also anything that may not even be a violation tied together with another one. They all come out with the same outcome of death, usually stoning. In the Iliad, many of the punishments too were death, and so to also in the Odyssey. Between these three books, they had just a different timing on things. Now days with cheating or adultery, it is taken pretty well lightly. Kidnapping is still yet not light, but it is taken more serious to find the kidnapped. Insults even now these days doesn’t compare with how minor they may be to any of these books, because they were not taken lightly, but in today’s society, things like that are okay. This is my essay over punishment and the comparison between The Iliad, The Odyssey, and the Hebrew Bible. ttp://messagenetcommresearch. com/myths/bios/pose http://www. fjkluth. com/clytem. html idon. html http://books. google. com/books? id=qdDrwupM0dUC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=where+is+there+kidnapping+in+the+odyssey? &source=bl&ots=oaVyOz5jgk&sig=3tsZ-Meye2UftnfMoDMQoMCZYAk&hl=en&ei=14qSToj5MOHJsQLu7Y2LAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false http://ww w. twopaths. com/faq_CapitalPunishment. htm http://ancienthistory. about. com/cs/troyilium/a/helenoftroybasc_2. htm

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Family and Happiness

Hello Professor Do you know what happiness is? Where does it come from? In this essay I will conduct an experiment for what older, experienced adults may think happiness is. To what preteens may think happiness is. The following includes the people I’m experimenting on and their results to my questions. Six Questions First suspect: Church Member Sis Wims Question: What is happiness in your own words? Answer: I think happiness is your smile and the way you act toward others. Question: what influenced you to give the answer that you gave? Answer: because it my personality and I walk around with a smile all day. Question: What has brought you happiness? Answer: My job, my family and my good health. Question: Do you think other people have different perspectives of happiness? Answer: yes, because some people have happiness and different ways I think some is can use happiness as how they live with big fine home, cars, money and all the luxuries things in their home. Question: Can happiness be bought? Answer: No, because you cannot buy happiness it will come on its own. You may feel happiness in your heart. Question: Do you find happiness in the little things? Answer: Yes I can find happiness in little things by meeting new friends helping the elderly peoples help out with the people in my church is a good leader. Be one of the best people that I can do my best in what do. Second suspect: Granddaughter Maya Question: What is happiness in your own words? Answer: Happiness in my own words would be being around family members and being loved by others. Question: what influenced you to give the answer that you gave? Answer: When I was younger my uncle Paris died and I was so happy to see all my family members there to support my mom and siblings. To see the support of my family member it brought me great happiness. Also when I come out of school my grandmother is outside waiting for us in her car to pick me up. Question: What has brought you happiness? Answer: My siblings and loving grandmother brought me happiness. Question: Do you think other people have different perspectives of happiness? Answer: Yes I do think people have different perspectives of happiness because it all depends where you come from and how you were raised. Question: Can happiness be bought? Answer: I don’t think so because what brings you happiness is from deep down inside and what comes from your soul. Question: Do you find happiness in the little things? Answer: Yes I do find happiness in little things like young love or accepting who you are inside. In conclusion the age difference may not change how one person may think happiness is. Both my suspect have almost the same ideas of happiness. I also agree with their answers. I may not know what other peoples definition of happiness is but I know what mines are and the people around me. Happiness may change over time but mostly everyone knows what they really want in their life. You may not see what makes you happy right away but when you do I will be more obvious than ever before. I remember the song of Al Green â€Å"Love and Happiness†. Like in the song â€Å"Love make you do right, love make you do wrong make you stay out all night long. Happiness can bring many different things. Happiness made me return back to school. Without returning back to school I don’t think I’ll have the happiness I have right now. Happiness will never come to those who don’t appreciate it. So from all this I can what I like the most from this experiment was how people explained what they thought happiness was. As I was a little girl I always believed in a good life that I could live in that I could be very happy for rest of my life. Have a happy family, a nice paying job and a loving home. Life brings happiness that look for it. It is gentle. Happiness is a dance you choose which one you want to dance to probably a nice gentle dance. Happiness is everything you put into it. How you show your love to others. I think happiness is the best thing that you can accomplished out of life. It does matter how or what you did to get it all that matters is that you have it now. Thank you professor I did it!