Building Effective Team And Teamwork - 1291 Words

Building Effective Team and Teamwork There are several attributes that a team must have to be regarded as an effective one. First, an effective team has interdependent members. Its productivity and efficiency are influenced by the level of coordination and interaction amongst and between its members. Second, effective team helps its members work together rather than alone. This implies that the team outperforms the productivity of an individual in the team. Third, effective team functions so efficiently that in the end, it yields the magnetism. The attraction created evokes the feeling of wanting to be associated with the team amongst its members because of the merits derived from team membership. Fourth, such team does not always have the same person as the leader. The leadership role is rotated amongst the team members as it grows and expands over time. Fifth, the members of team care for and nurture each other. None of the members is treated as unimportant in the team. Every membe r is recognized to play an integral part towards the success of the team. Sixth, effective team comprises members that applaud and encourage the leader, and vice versa. The mutual spirit of encouraging each other helps the members to work harder. Finally, the membership of these teams trusts each other wholly. Alongside their desire to succeed individually, the members also wish that their partners also succeeded as well. Generally, effective teams are established after passing four stages ofShow MoreRelatedBuilding Effective Teams And Teamwork, And Leading Positive Change1472 Words   |  6 Pagesempowering and engaging others, building effective teams and teamwork, and leading positive change. Each one of these core elements is very important in developing group skills and can always be improved if the proper approach is taken. Effective empowering and engagement is made up of 9 various dimensions. For example, personal mastery experiences, modeling, providing support, arousing positive emotions, providing information, providing resources, organizing teams, creating confidence, and delegatingRead MoreThe Importance Of A Leadership And Teamwork751 Words   |  4 PagesTeam Building Leadership and teamwork are synonymous. Leadership is very important and is evident in the culture of the school. Teamwork involves individuals working together to achieve a common goal. Team building is the manner by which the team performance measures for improvement. It is the process taken to manifest communication and encourage cooperation. Leadership and teamwork as indicated by Sohmen (2013) center around soft skills that need to be implemented cautiously, and in a sensibleRead MoreThe Importance Of Team Leadership And The Key Skills Of Team Teams1025 Words   |  5 PagesTo build effective project teams and to maintain the necessary teamwork, a project leader must understand the aspects of team leadership and the crucial skills of team members. Building effective teams and teamwork is not limited to a particular organization; this approach is utilized anywhere that collaboration is required to multiple people, teams or projects. Every team needs to be able to work toget her towards a common goal to be successful. Leaders are unable to lead a team if they cannot inspireRead MoreThe Impact of Technology in Developing Effective Teamwork in Organizations1147 Words   |  5 PagesDeveloping Effective Teamwork in Organizations: Teamwork is one of the most important elements for the effectiveness of an organization in achieving its goals because people are an essential building block of total quality management within the organization. Actually, the main responsibility of the achievement of quality lies with the individual or group carrying out the organizational activities and processes. The importance of teamwork in an organization is evident in the fact that the complexityRead MoreChapter1-Introduction. Existing Studies Focus On The Impact1030 Words   |  5 PagesChapter1-Introduction Existing studies focus on the impact of teamwork and productivity on implementing, quality improvement. For example developing a culture within the work place where teamwork is a vital necessity can significantly improve performance, effectiveness, efficiency, morale, job satisfaction, unity of purpose, communications, innovative thinking, quality, speed in getting things done, and loyalty to an organization (Warrick, 2014). In corporate America, superiority and personal recognitionRead MoreBenefits Of Effective Teams Within Healthcare1562 Words   |  7 PagesShanks (2012) state that the benefits of effective teams within healthcare include coordination of care, efficient use of healthcare services, increased productivity, increased trust among team members, increased job satisfaction, and higher patient satisfaction. Ezziane et al. (2012) described five core components of teamwork that include team leadership, mutual performance monitoring, backup behavior, adaptability, and team orientation. High-performing teams use these elements to develop a cultureRead MoreA Research Project On The City Of Kelsey1353 Words   |  6 Pageswater system due to the increase of its residents. The efforts of this project rest on the communication and teamwork with addressing issues and concerns from the mayor of Kelsey. The following paper will discuss the concerns that Kelsey’s mayor has with the methods utilized in building effective relationships with teamwork among city employees and with the motives and values with building teamwork. The paper will describe the communication factors that need to be considered that will have leaders andRead MoreThe Importance Of Team Building A Team Based Environment Essay1609 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Team building can be collectively termed for various types of activities used to enhance social relations and define roles within teams,which often involves collaborative tasks. It is very much distinct from team training, which is designed to improve efficiency, rather than interpersonal relations. Many team-building exercises are aimed to expose and address the interpersonal problems within the group.[1] These activities are intended to improve performance in a team-based environmentRead MoreTeamwork1485 Words   |  6 PagesTeamwork There are two ways of spreading light : to be the candle or the mirror that reflects it GOOSE - G is for GOAL The sense of a goose! The sense of a goose! People who are part of a team and share a common direction get there quicker and easier because they are traveling on trust of one another and they support each other all the way. GOOSE - O is for ORGANISED If we have as much sense as a goose we will stay in formation and share information with those who are headed theRead More The Essence of Teamwork Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe Essence of Teamwork â€Å"Two are better than one, because they have a good reward for their hard work. For if one of them should fall, the other one can raise his partner up. But how will it be with just the one who falls when there is not another to raise him up?† – Ecclesiastes 4:9, 10 As the scriptural text quoted above implies, teamwork can accomplish what the individual cannot do on his or her own. Teamwork is defined as â€Å"a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed

The Perpetuation of Racism in Canada by the Mainstream...

The Perpetuation of Racism in Canada by the Mainstream News Media Canada is internationally renowned for its commitment to multiculturalism. In fact, Canada was the first nation to officially adopt a multicultural policy. However, while the Canadian government has developed a broad-based multicultural mandate that includes a national human rights code and increased penalties for hate-motivated crimes, and most Canadians oppose overt forms of discrimination and hate, racism continues to exist in Canadian society, albeit in a subtle fashion. Many theorists lay blame for the perpetuation of racism in Canadian society on the mainstream news media, arguing that racist preconceptions are reflected and reinforced through the use of†¦show more content†¦However, theorists contend that the news media has a much larger role in shaping the way members of a society think and behave. For example, Wilson and Gutierrez argue that the news media plays a central role in defining society (by virtue of its surveillance and informer functions) through the reinforcement of standards, norms, and values. 4 Likewise, J. R. Ponting, in his analysis of stereotyping of Aboriginals in Canada, notes that the news media imposes a culturally racist model of Canadian society by using ethno-specific values and norms. 5 In addition, Todd Ferguson, a Montreal-based social activist, argues that the news media constructs status quo reality through the process of legitimisation and reinforcement of standards and norms. 6 That is, the media transmi ts and reinforces culturally specific standards (i.e. beliefs, images, norms, and values) by selecting value-laden news coverage. Augie Fleras and John Lock Kunz further the argument, pointing out that what appears as mainstream and unbiased is, in actuality, socially constructed. Fleras and Kunz point out that news items (i.e. the events or issues that are covered) are chosen by personnel (such as editors) on the basis of personal, institutional, corporate, and commercial priorities. 7 In other words, the news media is market driven. The mainstream news media, therefore, are not merelyShow MoreRelatedTrends And Patterns Of Asian North American1634 Words   |  7 Pagesoccurrence: as a second generation Japanese-Canadian, I have grown up surrounded by American and Canadian media that lacks representation of Asians to the point that seeing an Asian on my television is an thrilling. This is the sad reality of the state of representation of Asians on television. I have learned and experienced first hand that the lack of proper representation of Asian people in the media is widespread and widely unexamined, and often denied importance. It is important to examine moviesRead MoreAboriginal Children and Women are an Impediment to Development in Canada1359 Words   |  5 Pagesimpediment to development in Canada. In my research essay I propose to engage the analytical concept of intersectionality to critically interpret government-led development initiatives in Canada and the wider world from a postcolonial/feminist perspective. Thesis Canada is often recognized as a developed society on the world stage, with elaborate institutions and treaties in place to ensure the needs and development of Indigenous people are met. Yet, simultaneously Canada exists in a state withRead MoreThe French And English Europeans2488 Words   |  10 PagesBefore Europeans made initial contact with the First Nations tribes who resided in what would be later christened Canada, the First Nations tribes had a spiritual relationship with the land surrounding them, practicing methods of preserving both the land and the animals. Additionally, they also had a structural government that consisted of men dictating political matters and women controlling the economic results. The European ideology differed immensely; they saw the land as property to own andRead MoreDiversity at The National Basketball Association Essay2716 Words   |  11 Pagesthat session and went on to playing in the NBA. Today the NBA is a melting pot of players from across the global. The league now has 30 franchised teams one of which is located outside of the United States (The Toronto Raptors are located in Toronto, Canada). They have successfully started and mentored a woman’s-only basketball league called the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA). The league now has a large number of minority (non-white) players on rosters around the league. The NBA playersRead MoreAll About Peace Education13195 Words   |  53 Pagesall communities and groups, the training of each new generation centers on divisive issues of in-group/out-group differentiations, intergroup conflict and ongoing preparation for defense and war against real and perceived enemies. The universal presence of conflict and war in human history has always necessitated that priority be given to education for conflict management and war preparation, and for the preservation of the larger community, every new generation has been prepared to be sacrificed atRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagespage intentionally left blank Rastafari From Outcasts to Culture Bearers Ennis Barrington Edmonds 2003 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid MelbourneRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagespublication by the instructor of this course. The instructor is solely responsible for the editorial content of such materials. 111 MANGGEN ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Management Contents Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum †¢ The Power of Management Capital 1. New Management for Business Growth in a Demanding Economy 1 1 Text Jones−George †¢ Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition I. Management 17 17 2. The Evolution of Management Thought Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy †¢ Leadership, Fifth Edition I. Leadership

Learning About Organizational Hawthorne †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss the Learning About Organizational Hawthorne? Answer: Introducation Learning about organizational behavior by Hawthorne, Elton, Mayo, and Roethlisberger shades light on management practices of the 1920s(Mayo, 2014). These are crucial in understanding attitudes and behavior in the organization. Complex organizations today have linear processes, which help managers to resolve conflicts. This was not the case in the 19th and 20th Centuries. During my employment period, I came across an encounter in which two employees had a disagreement about their job roles. Both employees worked in the same department and team. However, one felt that she had to go the extra mile in accomplishing her tasks. However, the other one was always the least dedicated. As the manager, I sought to find out the problem only to realize that they had different personalities. In support of Linda Hill(Hill, 2003), becoming a manager requires a mastery of management approaches. I developed a new identity from an individual identity to a manager identity as a sign of professional grow th. Before I could solve the conflict between the two employees, I had to listen. Managerial tasks today are different from traditional supervisors. Over time, I have learnt to respect other peoples identity. The fact that people can manage tasks differently and effectively gives me confidence to delegate the tasks. Management is about planning organizing controlling, and leading. It helps the manager to channel resources in the right direction, and enhancing performance. Managers have a hard time making decisions, informing and leading people(Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, Lamplel, 2010). I represent the company through different forums such as stakeholders meeting and PR events. Within the organization, I act as a liaison and employees respect me. Being a leader enables me to make decisions, allocate resources within different departments and I negotiate with the managers on areas where there are gaps(Mintberg, 2011). Today, the roles of a manager require technical and conceptual skills. I took a business management course for skills in global management. As a modern day manager, I believe in leading than supervising because championing a vision requires interpersonal relationships. I compare these to Fredrick Taylors concerns for the exploitation of workers revolutionized the industry in the 19th Cen tury(Taylor, 2004). As the father of scientific management, he suggested precise thinking in order to develop solutions. My style of leadership borrows largely from change creation and empowering others. This approach is better because it encourages employees to work as a team and not compete. Competition breeds conflict and delegation of roles helps me to empower employees rather than doing it for them. In line with Fredrick Taylor, continuous improvement in management is a better approach to management because it improves things. Being a workaholic is a weakness because it hinders my ability to empower other people. This would be a problem in a hierarchical organization where Max Webers approach on bureaucracy or red tape management appears(Hughes, 2012). Henri Fayols administrative principles encourage unity of command and division of labor to classify structures and design communication approaches for better functions. Human and business studies also shaped the industry by introducing human centered approaches. The Hawthorne electric plant studies is an example of a human focused management dedicated to making people better for productivity(Kiechel, 2012). This led to humanist psychologists like Maslow who propagated the use of motivation. Behaviorists and systems approaches merged to highlight the integration of people and behavior. Management science as a segment of leadership involves computerized management styles in operations management (supply chain), quality control, production-planning, forecasting, scenario planning. It facilitates for the installation of ideal management systems for maximum output. Understanding self and others (607 Words) Having workd as a manager in one of the banking institution, I could not help but notice change as a continuous process in the company. New directors came, some employees retired and some managers lost their jobs. I had the opportunity to work as a leader in a mid-level management post. This had interesting opportunities because I was in charge of effecting change in the company(Tasler, 2017). I agree that change is a difficult process but it is necessary and unavoidable in life. In this organization, change had a plan. We planned for training and sometimes it would take months or a year to complete the process. As a professional, I had to change my tactics of managing organizations. After learning about management practices and leadership styles, I chose to take a transformational approach in order to survive in a changing environment. Managers currently face challenges in management because of personality differences. After self-awareness practices, I agree with Samson Daft ( 2015 ) who says that leadership is about influencing people to attain certain goals. While working at the corporate department, I clearly saw a demonstration of Henri Fayols four functions of leadership. The department had resources set aside for its planning, organizing, leading and controlling units (Fayol, 2016). In my opinion, leadership is a desirable element in an organization. I prefer to call myself a leader than a manager because of my abilities. I innovate, I am good with ideas and I do not like imitating others. I came to this conclusion after taking lessons about the difference between leadership and management(Ratcliffe, 2013). Leadership is an act of getting people to perform tasks while management is the control pf resources. I noticed that good managers at the bank were those whose teams were always performing. However, some managers had challenges leading people their performance was dismal. Management revolves around different functions. From experience, planning helped me to select the best action plan for the organization goals. This helped me to lead and organize people in different tasks.(Cherry, K;, 2017) I also used controls such as rewards to motivate the teams and individual s towards performance. Measuring performance is good for efficiency and effectiveness and my idea is to use these as yardstick measures for employee management(Kerzn er, 2013). Performing efficiently includes the reduction of wastage in resource use. My colleagues emphasized on efficiency as the new management tactic. I recall allocating roles according to competence and offering further training instead of hiring new employees for additional tasks. It is more effective and efficient to offer training instead of hiring new workers. The organization I worked for was a multinational company and the experience gave me exposure working in a complex environment at a global level. The high competition in an international setup creates many uncertainties in the market environment. As a result, organizations place high emphasis on performance(Christensen, 2012). In my case, I relied on market research in order to become sensitive to consumer trends. Employee behavior is at the center of my leadership agenda because there are different theories about understanding people. One of these is the psychological understanding of motivation. In my leadership style, I use theoretical applications because accuracy in decision-making is important. Therefore, it is important to have a comprehensive analysis of social, psychology and organizational culture(Spillane, 2012). I also noticed that change is part of modern organizations. As a leader, I am a visionary and I look forward to leading efficient organizations made of productive people. As a modern day manager, I will make use of my soft skills including self-motivation and teamwork cope with change. Organizational Culture (672 Words) Organizational culture has values that every member of the organization believes in. It connects beliefs and understandings. In my opinion sustainability as a practice is like artefacts, dress code, ceremonies and symbols of the organization, which represent an image that people can use to connect to the organization. That is why I believe that the main values that individuals embrace are what characterizes the organizations. Leaders have a role of encouraging individuals to embrace positive or ethical values(Hill, 2003). This is better than simple rules written on a website or at the lounge of the organization. I have worked in organizations that have had the same cultural values for ages. This is because of the companys internal and external strategies, which target the development of the organization. I like the induction process because it helps new employees to get in and fit in. However, sometimes employees resists to the culture, especially if it is oppressive. In such a case, culture change is necessary. Sustainability is a global culture where diversity is expected. In the case of a merger, a manager needs to understand the most important strategies for the group. This is the best way to influence change and success in the organization. Managing the organization means setting boundaries and planning as well as forecasting. Effective insight into the environment enables the organization to carry out advertising and public relations effectively. Managing companies by mutual trust allows competitor businesses to combine for stronger effect. I have gained deeper insight into the advantages and disadvantages of mergers, franchising and joint ventures because of these. As a manager in international organization, I understand the challenges in the global environment and what needs to be done for success in different (Fox, 2016). Ethics is important in business because it solves ethical dilemma. Employees have individual standards, social norms, professional and organizational approaches. These might conflict with each other causing hindrances. Organiza tional behavior may be legal or illegal depending on outcome it has with the business relations. Unethical behavior includes discrimination, defrauding and malicious advertising. As a manager I know the most critical for me is the legal perspective and not my own or peoples. Philosophical ethics provides guidelines on how to make decisions(Mintberg, 2011). Utilitarianism is about the greatest good but it might not always work for the better. All people of the world believe that sustainability has long-term benefits because of the values it gives. Individualism guides moral action. As a leader, it is my responsibility to balance employees needs and the organizations needs in order to prevent conflict of interest. Procedures set rules to guide this interaction. I am also keen on compensation justice because most employees leave the organization because of poor pay. It is my belief that motivational strategies should focus on professional competencies and individuals achievement. In an effort to make the organization successful, I also note the importance of sustainability as an ethical factor in an organization. Focusing on stages of moral development, I borrow from stages of preconvention, conventional, and post conventional, which guides on decision-making. In this case, I have an insight on how to use my leadership style in the manage ment of employee behavior. Some employees require transformational leadership while others need a team-oriented manager. This may vary according to whether the employee is keen on the tasks or the rewards or participation. Decision-making guides are important for managers and leaders too. They support the truth in order to reduce corporate scandal. The example brings to mind segments of ethical leadership, which becomes a reality during practice. Kohlberg 1976, which discuss the Heinz Dilemma, 3(Gibbs, 1977). Customers prefer to buy from reputable organizations and employees prefer to work in organizations with respect. Milton freedman offered a triple dimensional approach to businesses identify(Carroll, 1979). From my research, successful companies highlights strategic business measure, depth and business environment and culture(Samson Daft, 2015). Ethics, Social responsibility and sustainability (663 Words) Sustainability as an important part of management in the workplace looks at the population growth, consumption per person, resource management and climatic concerns(Ashby, Leat, Hudson-Smith, 2012). This widens the inequality gap reducing the focus on materialism. By encouraging ethical practices, it influences leaders to live by the discipline instead of external influence. The use of technology adds value to the organization through improved performance like safety measures. Technology influences decisions on quality and improved functions. As a leader, I cannot ignore the role of emerging trend like sustainability in the workplace. The Increasing use of digital devices in position for performances. Mackenzie notes this a replacement of human capacity hence loss of jobs. All industries have traces of technology in its communication, customer care and task management. At the same time, I realize that technology is giving people opportunities. Professionals can now apply for global jobs through online adverts and portals. From management being production focused to people centered gave people motivation in good working environment. Improvement of output was evident in improved organizations. Drastic improvements brought changes including the reduction on workers demonstration and production plants became more efficient. A number of research on different business systems brought to, light the essence of human contribution to production. Over time, managers began to think about ways to make changes in an organization. For example, what do organizations need in order to compete and what difference do they make? Instead of thinking the worst of employees, I think good employers need to view these as important. The entrepreneurship era or fourth industrial revolution suggests means self-management and self-leadership focus on the individual. People are different and see the world in different perspectives( TEDx Talks;, 2017). People are part of effective management and they have different attitudes, perception, personality differences and emotional intelligence. Having worked in a global organization, I met people from different value beliefs. In the process, I agree that caring for the environment has two sides of the coin. It is an ethical practice for all organizations as well as an organizational str ategy. Diversity is also important today and it is evident in cross-cultural organizations. Human resource management connects people to company objectives in order to connect their expertise, focus and commitment. For some companies, sustainable plans focus on making employee environment better. In a group, which is culturally diverse, stereotyping is common and it affects relationships(Yang Konrad, 2011). As a leader, I have a responsibility of managing the diversity by helping employees to change their attitude about people. Bias leads to discrimination in the work force based on race, religion, social or other differences. Perception as a topic of discussion brings out the psychologists notion of field dependence, which states that people view the same things differently. However, this does not make them right. Perception distortion helps managers to look at two sides of a coin. The course open my eyes to being objective when making decisions because there could be self-deception, optimism, self-fulfilling prophesy or confirmation bias. The world expects leaders to sho w wisdom so a manager needs to avoid giving a negative impression management. This includes matters of ethics and values. Being a leader calls for having concern for people. I believe in giving a good impression although sometimes people could mistake kindness for weakness. In the use of sustainability as a Corporate Social Responsibility, perception becomes an advantage with different outlooks according to the organization(Larceneux, Moreau, Parguel, 2011). Individual differences are important for learning, and helping others to become self-aware. A good leader is self-aware first because those who cannot manage themselves cannot manage others. Organizational strategy connects people and the context of the organization (Geert, 2017). Different people interact with the organization namely, the competitors, suppliers, labour market. These interact within the environment, which is technological, sociocultural, economic, legal and international. As a leader, I should be aware of the p roduction technology involved, organization structure, corporate culture and employees. References TEDx Talks;. (2017, March 9). Seeing the world as it isnt. Retrieved from You Tube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Il_D3Xt9W0index=2list=PLvIjyP2mJiWqUtU-qSlyiSGCqbJB9NXL6 Ashby, A., Leat, M., Hudson-Smith, M. (2012). Making connections: a review of supply chain management and sustainability literature. Supply Chain Management : An International Journal, 497-516. Carroll, A. B. (1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate perfomance. Academy of management review, 4(4), 497-505. Cherry, K;. (2017, May 08). The big five personality traits. Verywell. Retrieved August 29, 2017, from https://www.verywell.com/the-big-five-personality-dimensions-2795422 Christensen, C. M. (2012). The innovator's dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail. Harvard Business Review Press. Fayol, H. (2016). General and industrial management. Ravenio Books. Fox, J. (2016). How to lead a quest . QLD: Wiley. Geert, H. (2017). Welcome to the organisational culture click Learn App. Retrieved from Geert Hofstede: https://geert-hofstede.com/culture-and-strategy.html Gibbs, J. (1977). Kohlberg's stages of moral judgement: A constructive critique. Harvard Educational Review, 43-61. Hill, L. (2003). Becoming a manager: How new managers master the challenges of leadership. HBR. Hughes, O. (2012). Public management and administration. Macmillan. Kerzner, H. (2013). Project management: A systems approach to planning scheduling and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Kiechel, W. (2012). The management century. Harvard Business Review, 62-75. Larceneux, F., Moreau, B. F., Parguel, B. (2011). How sustainability ratings might deter greenwashing a closer look at ethical corporate communication. Journal of Busines Ethics. Mayo, E. (2014). The social problems of industrial civilization. Routledge. Mintberg, H. (2011). Managing . SanFrancisco: Berret-Koehler. Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., Lamplel, J. (2010). Management? Its not what you think. New York: AMACOM. Ratcliffe, R. (2013). Whats the difference between leadership and management? The Guardian. Retrieved August 27, 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/careers/difference-between-leadership-management Samson, D., Daft, R. (2015). Management ( Fifth Asia Pacific Edition). Melbourne: Cengage. Spillane, J. (2012). Distributed leadership. John Wiley Sons. Tasler, N. (2017, July 19). Stop using the excuse "organizational change is hard". HBR. Retrieved August 29, 2017, from https://hbr.org/2017/07/stop-using-the-excuse-organizational-change-is-hard Taylor, F. W. (2004). Scientific management. Routledge. Yang, Y., Konrad, A. (2011). Understanding diversity management practices: Implications of institutional theory and resource based theory. Group Organization Management, 36(1), 6-38.

Tort Law free essay sample

Smiley did not attempt to leave before the police arrived, assuming that Rocco would prevent him from doing so if he tried. Smiley accompanied the police officers to the police station where they accepted his explanation as to why he was in the store and released him. Question: What claim might Smiley have against Boulevard, Maldini or Rocco? Answer: order to answer these questions there are a few tort liability issues that need to be discussed. The first issue is false imprisonment. False imprisonment is the intentional confinement of another person within fixed boundaries without lawful justification. † (Kerr, 19) In this case, Smiley could have left the store, but was led to believe that Rocco would stop him if he tried. There was no physical restraint in this situation and no justification on suspicion of shoplifting; however, the detention was psychological. Smiley believed that Rocco would physically restrain him if he tried to leave the store. We will write a custom essay sample on Tort Law or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If this tort was brought in court, Rocco could use the defence of legal authority. The defence of legal authority is raised where the defendant claims that a statutory provision authorizes the conduct that would otherwise constitute a tort. † (Kerr, 29) Since Rocco is considered a private citizen and not a police officer, he can only make an arrest if a crime is actually being committed at the time. Rocco believed that Smiley was committing a crime because he was informed so by Maldini. In this case, however, Smiley was not committing the crime of shoplifting and Rocco. 2. Prentice, an â€Å"Ourway† salesman, telephoned Hall and offered to come to her apartment to show her the latest in their health and beauty products. When Prentice entered the apartment building, owned by Newman, Prentice found the hall light was out of order. He attempted to climb the stairs in the dark and fell on a loose step, breaking his leg. Hall knew about the faulty light and the loose step but had not thought to warn Prentice. Newman was not aware of either problem. Question: What claim does Prentice have against either Hall or Newman?